Frequency (n) |
Percent (%) |
||
Breast Carcinoma (n=50) |
Fibroadenoma LUMP breast |
10 |
20 |
benign breast disease |
2 |
4 |
|
giant fibroadenoma |
1 |
2 |
|
Tubular Adenoma Right breast |
1 |
2 |
|
Fibroadenosis lump breast |
1 |
2 |
|
Consistent with fibroadneoma |
1 |
2 |
|
Ductal Carcinoma Grade lll |
11 |
22 |
|
Carcinoma |
7 |
14 |
|
Provisional Grade ll |
16 |
32 |
Discussion
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in Pakistani females (Bhurgri, 2004). The Pakistani population has a large increase in its incidence among Asian countries (Liede et al., 2002). Age is an important risk factor for different cancers (White et al., 2014).In general, reproductive factors, like puberty and breastfeeding have already been revealed to have a protective significance against breast cancer (Bernstein, 2002).
The risk of carcinoma increased as the BMI increased from the normal range. Other studies also found that females with high BMI were at increased risk of breast cancer (Ozmen et al., 2009; Bhaskaran et al., 2014; Xia et al., 2014), which may be mainly due to higher levels of free estrogen produced by excess aromatase activity in the peripheral adipose tissue (Bulun et al., 2012). Further research is recommended to explore the causal mechanisms that how breastfeeding influence breast cancer. Both Pregnancy and breastfeeding reduces the lifetime number of menstrual cycles of a woman and thus her total exposure to endogenous hormones. In addition, breastfeeding and pregnancy also has direct effects on breast cells differentiation and maturation. Differentiated cells are comparatively more resistant to be transformed into cancerous cells (Russo et al., 2005; Britt et al., 2007). Menopause is not directly related to cancer, but actually the risk of developing cancer increases with the increasing age (Surakasula et al., 2014). During the reproductive age of females, the ovaries produce steroid hormones affecting function and development of the breast (Cancer, 2012). Research has showed that marital status somehow affects an individual's health but this association has not been studied comprehensively (Costello and Osborne, 2005; Floud et al., 2014). Married women were less likely to have breast cancer (Surakasula et al., 2014). Some other researchers have also reported an association between marital status and multiple cancers. Aizer and colleagues found that unmarried individuals have significantly higher risk of metastatic cancer (Aizer et al., 2013).
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